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Формат представлення знайдених документів: | повний | стислий |
Пошуковий запит: (<.>A=BOWLES$<.>+<.>A=SAMUEL$<.>) |
Загальна кількість знайдених документів : 2
Представлено документи з 1 до 2
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| | Тип видання: методичний посібник | | |
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Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60 [Electronic resource] / J. W. Backus [et al.]. - [S. l. : s. n.] Переклад назви: Оновлена доповідь по алгоритмічній мові Algol 60
Рубрики:
Повний текст доступний у читальних залах НБУВ
The report gives a complete defining description of the international algorithmic language Algol 60. This is a language suitable for expressing a large class of numerical processes in a form sufficiently concise for direct automatic translation into the language of programmed automatic computers. The introduction contains an account of the preparatory work leading up to the final conference, where the language was defined. In addition the notions reference language, publication language, and hardware representations are explained. In the first chapter a survey of the basic constituents and features of the language is given, and the formal notation, by which the syntactic structure is defined, is explained. The second chapter lists all the basic symbols, and the syntactic units known as identifiers, numbers, and strings are defined. Further some important notions such as quantity and value are defined. The third chapter explains the rules for forming expressions and the meaning of these expressions. Three different types of expressions exist: arithmetic, Boolean (logical), and designational. The fourth chapter describes the operational units of the language, known as statements. The basic statements are: assignment statements (evaluation of a formula), go to statements (explicit break of the sequence of execution of statements), dummy statements, and procedure statements (call for execution of a closed process, defined by a procedure declaration). The formation of more complex structures, having statement character, is explained. These include: conditional statements, for statements, compound statements, and blocks. In the fifth chapter the units known as declarations, serving for defining permanent properties of the units entering into a process described in the language, are defined. The report ends with two detailed examples of the use of the language and an alphabetic index of definitions.
Кл.слова: мова програмування
| | Тип видання: науково-популярне видання | | |
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Bowles, Samuel. A Cooperative Species [Electronic resource] : human Reciprocity And Its Evolution / S. Bowles, H. Gintis. - Oxford ; Princeton : Princeton university press, 2011. - 275 p Переклад назви: Види співпраць
Рубрики:
Повний текст доступний у читальних залах НБУВ
Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. In A Cooperative Species, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis--pioneers in the new experimental and evolutionary science of human behavior--show that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The authors describe how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, A Cooperative Species provides a compelling and novel account of how humans came to be moral and cooperative.
Кл.слова: порозуміння -- співпраця -- людство
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