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Представлено документи з 1 до 2
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| | Тип видання: методичний посібник | | |
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WinSock API [Electronic resource] / M. Hall [et al.]. - [S. l. : s. n.], 1993
Рубрики:
Повний текст доступний у читальних залах НБУВ
The Windows Sockets specification defines a network programming interface for Microsoft Windows [1] which is based on the "socket" paradigm popularized in the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) from the University of California at Berkeley. It encompasses both familiar Berkeley socket style routines and a set of Windows-specific extensions designed to allow the programmer to take advantage of the message- driven nature of Windows. The Windows Sockets Specification is intended to provide a single API to which application developers can program and multiple network software vendors can conform. Furthermore, in the context of a particular version of Microsoft Windows, it defines a binary interface (ABI) such that an application written to the Windows Sockets API can work with a conformant protocol implementation from any network software vendor. This specification thus defines the library calls and associated semantics to which an application developer can program and which a network software vendor can implement. Network software which conforms to this Windows Sockets specification will be considered "Windows Sockets Compliant". Suppliers of interfaces which are "Windows Sockets Compliant" shall be referred to as "Windows Sockets Suppliers". To be Windows Sockets Compliant, a vendor must implement 100% of this Windows Sockets specification. Applications which are capable of operating with any "Windows Sockets Compliant" protocol implementation will be considered as having a "Windows Sockets Interface" and will be referred to as "Windows Sockets Applications". This version of the Windows Sockets specification defines and documents the use of the API in conjunction with the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS, generally referred to as TCP/IP). Specifically, all Windows Sockets implementations support both stream (TCP) and datagram (UDP) sockets. While the use of this API with alternative protocol stacks is not precluded (and is expected to be the subject of future revisions of the specification), such usage is beyond the scope of this version of the specification.
Кл.слова: зв'язок -- мережа
| | Тип видання: словник | | |
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Arnold, Guy. Historical dictionary of civil wars in Africa [Електронний ресурс] / G. Arnold. - 2nd ed.. - Lanham : Scarecrow Press, 2008. - 527 p.. - (Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest ; 34) Переклад назви: Історичний словник громадянських війн в Африці
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Географічні рубрики:
Повний текст доступний у читальних залах НБУВ
For over a century, Africa has experienced a violent cycle of warfare. First came the wars of colonial conquest, then the armed struggles for independence, and fi nally a series of civil wars. These civil wars have many causes, including the struggle over artifi cial frontiers inherited from colonialism, friction and rivalry among different ethnic and religious groups, and the crude desire for power of some African leaders. During the Cold War, the situation was further exacerbated by intervention or “aid” from the former colonial powers and new superpowers. Although it has not been easy to prevent or contain these wars, increasingly efforts are being made by the United Nations, other international organizations, and African organizations such as the African Union to provide peacekeeping and provide care for refugees. For a continent that is poorly known and badly misunderstood to begin with, it is often hard to fi nd useful information about underlying situations, groups and people involved, and even the course of wars—which is why this Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa is such an important book. The chronology tracks when civil wars erupted or were resolved, and which ones still continue; the introduction puts the warfare into historical, political, and geographical context; the dictionary provides a wealth of information on each of the wars, the more prominent leaders involved (both those who make war and those who try to bring peace), liberation movements, and political parties and organizations; and the substantial bibliography presents indispensable information for those who want to know more.
Кл.слова: міжусобні війни -- внутрішньополітичний кофлікт -- релігійна нетерпимість -- Африка
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