Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits.

Кл.слова:
дитина -- законодавство -- кримінальна відповідальність

Vol. 5 : Responsabilité et régulations économiques. - 2007. - 194 p.

The development of competition law in the EU can be explored through three interrelated perspectives: the extent to which controversies in economic thinking affect the design of the law; how changing political visions about the objectives of competition law have caused shifts in the interpretation of the rules; and the institution in charge of applying the rules. The economic and political debates on competition law show that it is a contested terrain, and the way courts and competition authorities apply the law reflects their responses to the objectives and economics of competition law. By characterising the application of competition law as a continuous response to policy and economic debates, the author casts fresh perspectives on the subject. Written with competition law students in mind, Monti sets out economic concepts in a non-technical manner and explores the policy dimension of competition law by referring to key cases and contemporary policy initiatives.

Кл.слова:
законодавство -- конкуренція -- економіка

Recent years have seen a trend toward an 'economics-based' approach to the enforcement of European competition law. But what is meant by 'economics-based', and how does this approach sit with legal and enforcement practice? This book seeks to place in perspective the growing use of economics in European competition law enforcement by examining precisely how economics contributes to the enforcement activity of the European Commission and Courts. Christopher Decker provides unique empirical insights as to how economic theory, thinking, techniques and data have featured in decision-making in the area of co-ordinated effects. The role of economics is examined throughout the entire enforcement process, from the decision to initiate an investigation to the design and implementation of remedies, and its conclusions are of general relevance to all areas of competition law enforcement where economics is used. Utilising a broad and multifaceted conception of economics, this book is essential reading for academics and students interested in European competition law, EC competition lawyers, applied industrial economists and enforcement officials. It will also be an invaluable tool for academic libraries and institutes, government agencies, law firms and economic consultancies.

Кл.слова:
законодавство

Framed uses fin de siècle British crime narrative to pose a highly interesting question: why do female criminal characters tend to be alluring and appealing while fictional male criminals of the era are unsympathetic or even grotesque? In this elegantly argued study, Elizabeth Carolyn Miller addresses this question, examining popular literary and cinematic culture from roughly 1880 to 1914 to shed light on an otherwise overlooked social and cultural type: the conspicuously glamorous New Woman criminal. In so doing, she breaks with the many Foucauldian studies of crime to emphasize the genuinely subversive aspects of these popular female figures. Drawing on a rich body of archival material, Miller argues that the New Woman Criminal exploited iconic elements of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century commodity culture, including cosmetics and clothing, to fashion an illicit identity that enabled her to subvert legal authority in both the public and the private spheres.

Кл.слова:
кримінал -- жінка

Vol. 1. - 1738 p.

Law can be viewed as a body of rules and legal sanctions that channel behavior in socially desirable directions - for example, by encouraging individuals to take proper precautions to prevent accidents or by discouraging competitors from colluding to raise prices. The incentives created by the legal system are thus a natural subject of study by economists. Moreover, given the importance of law to the welfare of societies, the economic analysis of law merits prominent treatment as a subdiscipline of economics. Our hope is that this two volume Handbook will foster the study of the legal system by economists.

Кл.слова:
право -- закон -- економіка

Since the mid-1970s, there has been a dramatic shift in America's socioeconomic system, one that has gone virtually unnoticed by the general public. Tax policies and their enforcement have become a disaster, and thanks to discreet lobbying by a segment of the top 1 percent, Washington is reluctant or unable to fix them. The corporate income tax, the estate tax, and the gift tax have been largely ignored by the media. But the cumulative results are remarkable: today someone who earns a yearly salary of $60,000 pays a larger percentage of his income in taxes than the four hundred richest Americans.

Кл.слова:
економіка -- податок

Existen dos tendencias de las política criminal con respecto a la criminalidad: la primera, la reintegración social del autor, y segunto, hacerle frente mediante la firmeza y la disuación, que es la que está en boga. Gran parte de la política criminal en si misma, al ser parte de la política en general, es usada para dar mas popularidad a los políticos, los cuales no tienen la menor idea de lo que realmente ocurre con el problema de la criminalidad. Así se vé como éstos políticos han desordenado el sistema Penal, al imponer sus puntos de vista con respecto a la aplicación siniestra de la pena privativa de libertad. Desde el punto de vista de Roxin, solo se debe aplicar la pena privativa de libartad a casos realmente graves como lo son los delitos capitales, y no se debería aplicar a dicha a delitos menores...

Кл.слова:
право -- закон

Susan K. Sell s book shows how power in international politics is increasingly exercised by private interests rather than governments. In 1994 the WTO adopted the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which dictated to states how they should regulate the protection of intellectual property. This book argues that TRIPS resulted from lobbying by twelve powerful CEOs of multinational corporations who wished to mould international law to protect their markets. This book examines the politics leading up to TRIPS, the first seven years of its implementation, and the political backlash against TRIPS in the face of the HIV/AIDS crisis. Focusing on global capitalism, ideas, and economic coercion, this work explains the politics behind TRIPS and the controversies created in its wake. It is a fascinating study of the influence of private interests in government decision-making, and in the shaping of the global economy.

Кл.слова:
глобальний капіталізм -- глобальна економіка -- захист прав інтелектуальної власності

The WTO allows its members to retaliate in the face of continued non-compliance. After more than ten years' operation and ten arbitration disputes, this volume assesses the law, economics and politics of trade sanctions in WTO dispute settlement. Including more than thirty contributions from leading academics, trade diplomats and practitioners, it offers a thorough analysis of the legal rules on permissible WTO retaliation as well as an assessment of the economic rationale and calculations behind the mechanism. In addition, it provides first hand experiences of those countries that have obtained WTO authorisation to retaliate, ranging from the United States and the EC to Mexico and Antigua. In this assessment, the question of how to make the system work also for small countries is paramount. Finally, the volume spells out lessons that could be learned from related fields such as remedies for non-compliance in investment arbitration and competition or anti-trust regimes.

Кл.слова:
закон

Наведені у словнику дефініції визначають і тлумачать основні поняття, що з'явилися у останні десятиріччя і почали використовуватися у суспільстві, стосовно когнітивних процесів у сфері інформатизації та зв'язку, конвергенція яких все більше поглиблюється і схиляється у бік розвитку інформаційних технологій та штучного інтелекту. Зроблено спробу кореляційного об'єднання термінів з точки зору проблем прав та свобод людини, індустрії інформації, інформаційних ресурсів, інформаційної інфраструктури та телекомунікацій, інтелектуальної власності й ринкової економіки в умовах переходу до Інформаційного суспільства.

Кл.слова:
інформація -- телекомунікація -- економіка

В пособии изложены основы учебного курса по арбитражному процессу: история арбитражного судоустройства и судопроизводства, понятие и принципы арбитражного процесса, подведомственность и подсудность дел, участники арбитражного процесса, иск, доказательства, судебные расходы, процессуальные сроки, исковое производство в суде первой инстанции, апелляционное, кассационное, надзорное производство, производство по пересмотру судебных актов по вновь открывшимся обстоятельствам, производство по делам с участием иностранных лиц, третейские суды в РФ, Международный коммерческий арбитраж, исполнительное производство. Предназначено для студентов и преподавателей юридических вузов и факультетов, а также для практических работников.

Кл.слова:
законодавство -- кримінальна справа -- суд -- процесуальне право