A photovoltaic cell, based on copper and indium selenide (CuInSe2) thin layers, with a good efficiency can be achieved by simple, easy to implement and low cost techniques. The high refractive index materials used as absorbers in photovoltaic cells cause high reflection losses (about 30 %). Thin CdS and ZnO films that are, respectively, the buffer layer and the window of the cell have lower indices and are naturally suited to antireflective applications. Also, a suitable choice of the film thickness leads to minimization of reflection losses, resulting in a significant improvement of the photovoltaic efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide easy solutions that reduce reflection losses to less than 4 % while respecting technological constraints.

Зазначено, що у світі є багато стародавніх документів, історичних архівів, книг та інших документів, що існують лише як паперові копії. Переведення їх в електронну форму дозволить значно полегшити та зробити більш зручним доступ до цих документів. Це збільшить використання документальних матеріалів у всьому світі. КОМБІБКА створена для того, щоб дослідники могли користуватися старими документами, спілкуватися один з одним і з файлами, робити помітки і записувати свої питання. У прототипі, який розглянуто, зосереджено матеріали, створені різним способом і різними мовами. Ці документи об'єднує лише те, що вони були опубліковані в одному місці і в один і той же час: у Росії в XIX столітті. У Бібліотеці Гельсінкського Університету є спеціальні зібрання матеріалів з різних національних культур. Ці зібрання названі "Вірменіка", "Арабіка", "Кавказика", "Естоніка", "Грузика", "Юдаїка", "Леттоніка", "Литвоніка", "Персика" і "Туркика". Подібних матеріалів значно більше у фонді Російської національної бібліотеки.

В мире есть много старинных документов, исторических архивов, книг и других документов, которые существуют только в бумажных копиях. Перевод их в электронную форму позволит значительно облегчить и сделать более удобным доступ к этим документам. Это увеличит использование документальных материалов во всем мире. КОМБИБКА создается для того, чтобы исследователи могли пользоваться старыми документами, общаться друг с другом и с файлами и делать заметки и записывать свои вопросы. В рассматриваемом прототипе сосредоточены материалы, созданные различным способом и на разных языках. Эти документы объединяет лишь то, что они были опубликованы в одном месте и в то же время: в России в XIX веке. В Библиотеке Хельсинкского Университета есть специальные собрания материалов по различным национальным культурам. Эти собрания названы "Арменика", "Арабика", "Кавказика", "Эстоника", "Грузика", "Юдаика", "Леттоника", "Литвоника", "Персика" и "Туркика". Подобных материалов значительно больше в фонде Российской национальной библиотеки.

There are plenty of old documents, historical archives, books and manuals that exist only in (fragile) paper form. An easy and harmless access to them would be desirable and possible by converting them into digital. That would enable the use of the materials all over the world. On the other hand the recognition (OCR) works well when used with clean, printed documents. What is the situation when documents are old, not so well preserved and maybe even handwritten? Is it possible to find or create somenew ways for retrieving such materials? And could this communication with the rare materials be additional to person to person communication in the same system? KOMBIBKA aims to the situation when researchers can easily use old materials, communicate with the file(s) and each other and add notes and questions to the material. Materials for the prototype are written in different characters in different languages, but the time and area of publishing are the same: Russia in 19th century. Helsinki University Library houses the separate collections Armeniaca, Arabica, Caucasica, Estonica, Georgica, Hebraica, Lettonica, Lithuanica, Persica and Turcica. National Library of Russia has those materials in even bigger numbers. Some additional collections are to be found in other European libraries. The material is unique, so far it has been used in research only in a limited scale.

This paper analyses material issues of development of Li-ion batteries to store electrical energy. The performance of the battery is improved by developing the high energy density cathode materials at Nano level. This paper explains the synthesis of most interesting cathode material Lithium Manganese Spinel and its derivatives like transition metal oxide (LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4) using Co-Precipitation chemical method; it is one of the eco-friendly, effective, economic and easy preparation method. The structural features of LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4 was characterized by XRD - analysis indicated that prepared sample mainly belong to cubic crystal form with Fd3m space group, with lattice parameter <$Ealpha ~=~8,265> and average crystal size of 31,59 nm and compared the experimental results with computation details from first principle computation methods with Quantum wise Atomistix Tool Kit (ATK),Virtual Nano Lab. First principle computation methods provide important role in emerging and optimizing this electrode material. In this study we present an overview of the computation approach aimed at building LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4 crystal as cathode for Lithium ion battery. We show each significant property can be related to the structural component in the material and can be computed from first principle. By direct comparison with experimental results, we assume to interpret that first principle computation can help to accelerate the design & development of LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4 as cathode material of lithium ion battery for energy storage.

Single crystals of spinel Co2TiO4, CoTiO3 of ilmenite structure and pseudobrookite CoTi2O5 were grown by means of zone melting equipment URN-2-ZM. The growth processes were performed in an air atmosphere with a speed ~10 mm/h and a final annealing of the crystal at temperature of 1250 <^>oC. Co2TiO4 and CoTi2O5 crystals were obtained with a diameter of 12 - 15 mm and length up to 60 mm, being free of any other phase inclusions and cracks. However, in the CoTiO3 crystals some controversial features were found: x-ray Laue analysis indicated high-structure perfection while an electronic microscopy revealed small amount of second phase inclusions in contradiction to known phase diagram of this system. Electrical and magnetic properties of grown Co2TiO4 and CoTiO3 single crystals were studied. Semiconducting behavior of the Co2TiO4 was established with the energy gap of ~ 1,3 eV. No magnetic anisotropy was found in the cubic Co2TiO4 single crystals showing a magnetic behavior similar to polycrystals. The rhombohedral CoTiO3 crystals revealed a magnetic behavior of an easy plane antiferromagnet with a significant anisotropy of the transverse magnetic susceptibilities along and perpendicular to the trigonal c axis.

In this contribution we report on the structural and magnetic properties of an Fe phthalocyanine (FePc) thin film deposited on a silicon substrate. The planar FePc molecules order spontaneously in a standing configuration, i.e., with the molecular plane perpendicular to the substrate. The x-ray linear polarized absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments at the Fe-L2,3 edges at T = 6 K were performed, concluding that at this temperature the film displays magnetic anisotropy with the main easy axis perpendicular to the substrate. This result is explained in terms of the FePc single molecule anisotropy which has its larger moment in the molecule plane. Thus, the standing configuration in polycrystalline thin films favors statistically that, at the macroscopic array level, the magnetic easy anisotropy axis is normal to the substrate.

Exploiting CVD technique for carbon deposition from C2H2 + H2 + N2 mixture, a graphene-like film synthesized directly on SiO2 surface of Si2 - Si structure was obtained. The graphene-like film was grown under thin Ni layer that is easy exfoliated from graphene-Si2 - Si structure. Surface of the film was sufficiently smooth and reveals no winkles and holes; it has a good homogeneity and perfect adhesion to SiO2 layer. Studying the micro-Raman spectra showed a graphene-like structure of the film; using atomic force microscopic technique, the thickness of film was determined (0,6 nm). Using spectroscopic ellipsometry and simple Cauchy model enabled us to estimate optical parameters of this graphene-like film.

Ацилюванням трис(триметилсиліл)ціануратів одержано триацетилізо-ціанурати. Термічне розкладення останніх - простий та зручний шлях до синтезу ацилізоціанатів з високими виходами та чистотою.

При ацилировании трис(триметилсилил)цианурата получены триацетил-изоцианураты, термическое разложение которых является простым путем синтеза ацетилизоцианатов с высокими выходами и чистотой.

Acylisocyanates are prepared by thermal decomposition of triacylisocyanurates. This new method provide an easy access to various acylisocyanates in hight yield and purity.

Висвітлено проблеми використання та розуміння важливої інформації та літератури. Виявлено, що у багатьох державах 25 %, а інколи і 40 - 45 % дорослого населення не здатні прочитати новини чи звичайну книжку, добре розуміючи прочитане. Зазначено, що існують люди з обмеженими фізичними можливостями, функціонально неграмотні, іммігранти та інші. Ця інформація дуже важлива для відкритого суспільства, яке засноване на демократії, загальному доступі. Доведено, що концепція легкого читання та його шведська модель можуть відіграти важливу роль у подоланні інформаційного розриву між тими, хто вільно орієнтується в інформаційному суспільстві та тими, хто не здатен на це. Видання легкого читання можуть містити не тільки новини й літературу, але й сучасні інформаційні технології, такі як веб-інформація чи стандарти Дейзі, що дають величезну перевагу у загальному доступі до інформації. Розглянуто шляхи створення міжнародної мережі легкого читання, яка надасть людям та організаціям різних держав можливість дізнатися більше, обмінятися ідеями та досвідом.

Освещены проблемы использования и понимания важной информации и литературы. Установлено, что во многих странах 25, а иногда 40-45 % взрослого населения не способны прочитать новости или обыкновенную книгу, хорошо понимая прочитанное. Кроме того, есть люди с ограниченной жизнедеятельностью, функционально неграмотные, иммигранты и другие. Эти данные очень важны для открытого объединенного общества, основанного на демократии, всеобщем доступе и участии. Рассмотрена концепция легкого чтения и его шведская модель, которая может сыграть важную роль в преодолении информационного разрыва между теми, кто свободно ориентируется в информационном пространстве и теми, кому этого не дано. Издания для легкого чтения могут включать не только новости и литературу, но и современ-ные информационные технологии, такие как веб-информация или стандарты Дейзи, которые дают огромные преимущества во всеобщем доступе к информации. Отмечено, что страны должны иметь возможность сотрудничать по проектам легкого чтения. Рассмотрены пути создания международной сети легкого чтения, а это даст людям и организациям различных стран возможность узнать больше, обменяться идеями и опытом.

Many people have difficulties in using and understanding important information and literature. Literacystudies show that in many countries 25 or even 40-45 percent of the adult population are not able to readnews information or an ordinary book with good comprehension. You will find disabled persons, functionallyilliterates, immigrants, etc. This information is crucial for an open and integrated society based on democracy,accessibility and participation.The aim of the paper is to show that the easy-to-read concept and the Swedish model for easy-to-read canplay an important role in over-bridging the information gap between they who easily can surf in the informationsociety and they who cannot. Easy-to-read publications may include news information and literaturebut also modern information techniques as Web information and Daisy standards can be of great advantagein making information available to all. Countries should be able to cooperate in the easy-to-readprojects. An international easy-to-read network will be established and this will give people and organisationsin different countries an opportunity to learn more and to exchange ideas and experiences.

This paper focuses on the study of the process of vertical migration of phosphogypsum components according to the soil profile. The qualitative and quantitative identification of main biogenic elements (phosphorus, sulphur, calcium etc) and heavy metals in lysimetric solutions from various horizons while getting on the surface of soil solutions containing phosphogypsum components is carried out by means of designed laboratory and experimental complex. The mineral hard soil fraction is also analysed. According to the results of the X-ray diffractometrical researches, the carbonates with heavy metals in their structure, caused by the ion-exchange with Са<^>2+, were found in the mineral structure of the illuvial horizon soil samples. The results of experimental modeling indicate significant changes in the chemical parameters of groundwater, which are obtained by passing water with phosphogypsum particles on a model soil profile, which makes it easy to track the input data. In the upper part of the profile after 1 000 hours and for the first speed of the infiltration process, the constant moisture level was 25,6 %, after the second speed of infiltration, it rose to 29,1 %. Noted that the highest concentration of biogenic elements (calcium, sulfur, potassium) was found in lysimetric solutions obtained from the humus and eluvial horizons. In addition, it is determined that iron is present up to 5 %, nickel - within the range of 1 - 3 %, and copper - up to 1 %. It should be noted that the biochemical transformations of silicon influence the fractional distribution of heavy metals, which can be fixed by sorption-sedimentation mechanisms in silica, oligo and polysilicon compounds, as well as in crystalline lattice structures of clay minerals, quartz, etc. The model of soil and geochemical situation was formed according to the soil profile under the influence of the phosphogypsum within the three-dimensional surface, developed with the help of the stochastic reconstructions based on the images of the scan electron microscopes.

Purpose. Digital images are easy to be polluted in the communication. The research on image denoising is aimed to develop a new image denoising approach based on sparse representation, which will allow removing the noises in the digital images effectively and improve the image quality. Methodology. By using K-SVD (K-means Singular Value Decomposition) algorithm, we trained the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) dictionary into a new dictionary, in which every atom was a linear combination of the atoms from the original DCT dictionary. The composition of these two dictionaries differs greatly, which proves that K-SVD algorithm is able to improve the dictionary structure effectively. Findings. At first, we described and analyzed image denoising briefly and then discussed the relevant algorithms and techniques of sparse representation based on the initialization of DCT dictionary. Based on the above theories and techniques, a new image denoising method based on K-SVD and adaptive dictionary was developed. Originality. By combining the construction and optimization of over-complete dictionary, we trained the atom dictionary with the samples of the images to be decomposed so that we managed to build the atom dictionary that can effectively reflect various image features. Through simulation analysis, this noise removal method allows denoising the images with profound details and increasing the peak signal to noise ratio of the image effectively. Practical value. The image denoising method based on sparse representation has been developed. This approach makes contribution to the update steps of the dictionary and it solves the problem of matrix inversion by making iterative updates to every row of the matrix. Which is more important, this algorithm also updates the relevant coefficients while updating the atoms in the new dictionary and greatly reduces the computation complexity.

In this paper, we are interested in solving the Lagrange partial differential equation of the fourth order, which governs the deformation of a thin silicon square membrane, perfectly embedded and subjected to a uniform static pressure in the case of the weak disturbances. The proposed approach that consists of using the Galerkin method with trigonometrical basis functions is simple, easy to implement and ensures a good stability of the algorithm and a satisfactory accuracy.

This work describes a novel approach for water treatment by photoelectrocatalysis, based on nanostructured TiO2. The decolorization of aqueous solutions containing the azo-dye RR243 is carried out in a tubular photocatalytic reactor working in semi-batch mode under electrical polarization of the catalyst. Two different nanostructured catalysts were tested: nanotubular TiO2 obtained by conventional anodization (CA), and a novel photoactive nanoporous TiO2, obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Neither UV irradiation of the TiO2 catalysts nor the electrical bias individually considered lead to a significant reduction of the dye concentration. By irradiating the catalysts with UVC light while applying an electrical bias to the same, the concentration of the dye decreased from 25 L to 2,5 mg/L using the nanotubular CA TiO2 catalyst, and to less than 1,8 mg/L using the novel nanoporous PEO TiO2 in 50 min. The main advantages of this method over current approaches for the degradation of pollutants are both the considerable processing time reduction and a suitable and easy-to-scale-up reactor design. A further advantage is the relatively easyness in the production of the TiO2 catalysts by PEO.

Зазначено, що "Ельзевір" є лідером серед світових мультимедійних видавництв, яке щорічно видає понад 1 800 наукових, технічних та медичних журналів, 65 онлайнових довідників та 200 електронних книжок. Окрім цього, "Ельзевір" постачає бази даних індексів (бібліографічні) та рефератів, включно з EMBASE, яка місить інформацію з біомедицини та фармакології. Більше чверті всіх повнотекстових наукових, технічних та медичних статей доступні лише на ScienceDirect, де є можливість знайти більше 5,8 мільйонів статей з 23-х галузей знань. Доступ до електронних публікацій здійснюється через глибокий архів, який починається з випуску 1 у томі 1. Новим для видавництва є введення онлайнових довідників та електронних книжок. Крім того, на ScienceDirect є 9 баз даних рефератів видавництва "Ельзевір" (Compendex, EMBASE та інші), та 5 баз даних третіх сторін, наприклад, Inspec. ScienceDirect пропонує інтуїтивний інтерфейс, де є можливість вільно переглянути журнали, повнотекстові статті, реферати, зміст та індекси. Пошук доступний до всіх випусків журналів, починаючи з 1823 р. і до тепер. Зазначено, що можна поглибити пошук у разі використання результатів пошуку, які вже одержано, а також зберегти видання, цитату чи пошукову інформацію.

Отмечено, что "Эльзевир" является лидирующим мировым мультимедийным издательством, выпускающим более 1800 научных, технических и медицинских журналов, 65 онлайновых справочников и 200 электронных книг. Кроме того, "Эльзевир" поставляет базы данных индексов и рефератов, включая EMBASE, содержащую информацию по биомедицине и фармакологии. Более четверти всех полнотекстовых научных, технических и медицинских статей доступны в одном месте: на ScienceDirect вашего компьютера, где можно найти более 5,8 миллионов статей из 23 отраслей знания. Доступ к электронным публикациям идет через глубокий архив, который начинается с выпуска 1 в томе 1. Новым для издательства явилось введение онлайновых справочников и электронных книг. Кроме того, на ScienceDirect есть 9 баз данных рефератов издательства "Эльзевир" (Compendex, EMBASE и т. п.), и 5 баз данных третьих сторон, например Inspec. ScienceDirect предлагает интуитивный интерфейс, на котором можна с легкостью просматривать журналы, полнотекстовые статьи, рефераты, содержание и индексы. Поиск доступенпо всем выпускам журналов с 1823 года до настоящего времени. Отмечено, что можна углубить поиск, используя список результатов поиска, а также сохранить издание, цитату и поисковые уведомления.

Elsevier is the world leading multiple media publisher of over 1800 scientific, technical and medicalJournals, 65 online Reference Works, 200 e-Books. In secondary publishing Elsevier supplies abstracting andindexing databases, including EMBASE, whichfeatures biomedical and pharmacological information.Over a quarter of the world's full text scientific, technical and medical articles - managed by renownededitors, written by respected authors and read by researchers from around the globe - areavailablein one place: ScienceDirect at your desktop. See: www.sciencedirect.comMore than 5.8 million articles are available on ScienceDirect, in 23 different subject areas. Access tothe electronic articles is available via Elsevier Back Files going back to volume 1, issue no.1. In case ofthe Lancet this dates back 1823. An innovation for Elsevier has been the introduction of Online ReferenceWorks, and more recently E-Books Series. Futhermore there are 9 Elsevier Abstract Databases availableon ScienceDirect (Compendex, EMBASE etc), and 5 Third Party Databases, e. g. Inspec. ScienceDirecthas an intuitive interface, and you can easily search and browse through the journals, full-text articles,abstracts, content lists and indexes.You can search through the journals from 1823 till present, and refine your search with the search resultslist. You can also save issue -, citation - and search alerts.And you can send article links to a colleague or student and you can keep track of the number oftimes an article/abstract is cited.

The magnetic and magnetoresonance properties of a new single-crystal compound Ni5(TeO3)4Cl2 are studied. The measurements of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of the crystal in a wide temperature range (5 - 300 K) made it possible to conclude that Ni5(TeO3)4Cl2 is a quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet with the easy magnetization axis <$E bold roman a sup *> directed perpendicular crystallographic plane bc and a magnetic ordering temperature <$E T sub N~symbol Ы~21> K. The resonance measurements at 4,2 K in wide range of frequencies (25 - 105 GHz) and magnetic field (up to 200 kOe) permitted us to obtain the frequency-field dependence of AFMR spectrum for a field applied along the easy magnetization axis <$E bold roman a sup *>. It is shown that the magnetic field directed along the antiferromagnetism axis (<$E bold roman H || bold roman a sup *>) induces the magnetic phase transition of a spin-flop type which is found to be <$E H sub sf~symbol Ы~120> kOe. The magnetic resonance experimental data are described qualitatively in model of the biaxial antiferromagnet.

Macroscopic magnetoelastic domain structure of the defectless layered antiferromagnet of CoCl₂-type with the "easy-plane" magnetic anisotropy is studied theoretically in the framework of phenomenological approach. In assumption of mobile domain walls, the finite-size effects are shown to result in the formation of a stable domain structure that changes reversibly under the action of the external magnetic field and can be treated as equilibrium. It is found that in antiferromagnets, where (in contrast to ferromagnets) long-range forces of magnetic origin are absent, the domain structure, and its collective behavior are governed by elasticity. Field dependence of a domain structure, magnetostriction and low-frequency AFMR of poly- and monodomain samples are calculated, the external magnetic field being directed perpendicular to the main symmetry axis of the crystal. The results obtained are in qualitative agreement with the available experimental data.

Brand loyalty is a strategic asset of the company. Having loyal or faithful customers, in the era of competition, provides to business of essential benefits. Shaping of customer loyalty is not so easy. Companies, among others, by developing such elements as customer service quality and marketing communication quality, try to influence on customersi market behavior. One of the tools of influence on customersi behavior is loyalty programs. Thanks to these, brand owners try to attract and retain customers by planning the reward system and trying to reward the most loyal customers by - on the one hand - providing them an additional value, and on the other hand - turning them into brand advocates, the most valuable customer group. Popularity of loyalty programs in Poland is not very high. It is estimated that 25 - 40 % of customers use loyalty programs. It is less than, for example, in the US or Canada. The benefits offered by most loyalty programs in Poland, however, are not high, and consumers think that the rewards they can get are very expensive and overpriced. Such a low assessment of the benefits of loyalty programs among customers negatively impact on their social acceptance. The change of business activities can change attitudes among Polish society. A positive example is the "My Ladybird" (in original "Moja Biedronka"), it is program introduced by the Biedronka discount chain, where both are the proposed bonuses and additional promotional campaigns, which were essentially targeted at children, proved to be a great success and have allowed them to outperform competitors with a recognized position in this area in just half a year. The attractiveness of the program has led to the active use it by 5 million households, which constitutes about 40 % of all households in Poland. The aim of the research is to present the concept of loyalty and the role of loyalty programs in shaping it. The author focused mainly on the conditions of todayis popularity (or lack of it) available loyalty programs in Poland. Because of the availability of numerous studies of loyalty programs in Poland, secondary data was used in the study.

Розглянуто магнітні та магнітострикційні властивості тріангулярних антиферомагнетиків зі структурою АВХ3. Знайдено залежність трьох кутів повороту магнітних моментів іонів підграток від зовнішнього магнітного поля (ЗМП) у випадку довільних співвідношень (ДС) між обмінними інтегралами у площині та між площинами. Показано, що для ДС між вказаними параметрами існують два критичних значення поля схлопування напрямків намагніченості підграток. Проаналізовано характер ядерних спінових конфігурацій таких з'єднань. Вивчено залежність обмінної та одноіонної ромбоедричної магнітострикцій від ЗМП. Усі розрахунки проведено для однорідно впорядкованого стану.

We report decision tree (DT) modeling of randomly textured tandem silicon solar cells characteristics. The photovoltaic modules of silicon-based solar cells are extremely popular due to their high efficiency and longer lifetime. Decision tree model is one of the most common data mining models can be used for predictive analytics. The reported investigation depicts optimum decision tree architecture achieved by tuning parameters such as Min split, Min bucket, Max depth and Complexity. DT model, thus derived is easy to understand and entails recursive partitioning approach implemented in the "rpart" package. Moreover the performance of the model is evaluated with reference Mean Square Error (MSE) estimate of error rate. The modeling of the random textured silicon solar cells reveals strong correlation of efficiency with "Fill factor" and "thickness of a-Si layer".

Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across the menstrual cycle not only produce physiological changes in the reproductive system but also affect skeletal muscle strength and the respiratory efficiency. Increasing participation of women in competitive sports has drawn attention of the scientists to understanding of the effect of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance. Physical work capacity depends on respiratory efficiency and skeletal muscle strength. To evaluate skeletal muscle performance and respiratory efficiency during different phases of menstrual cycle in non-athletic eumenorrheic women. Fifty non-athletic healthy female subjects aged between 20 - 30 years of age with normal BMI and history of regular menstrual cycle have been selected. Muscle strength and time of fatigue has been determined using hand grip dynamometer. Respiratory efficiency has been assessed using respiratory blast test and respiratory endurance test during premenstrual and proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. Student's paired test has been used for analyzing of the data. P << 0,05 has been considered to be statistically significant. Muscle strength, respiratory blast test and respiratory endurance tests are not statistically significant during different phases of menstrual cycle. Time of fatigue is significantly higher (p << 0,05) during the proliferative phase compared to the premenstrual phase. Conclusion: in females, muscles undergo easy fatigability during premenstrual phase hence it has to be considered during athletic training and selection program.

The results of study of hexaferrite Ba and Bi-Gd garnet films on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates are presented. In the result of ion-beam induced deposition the amorphous paramagnetic films of Ba-hexaferrite and Bismuth gadolinium garnet film are formed on substrate surface and then under the thermal annealing they transform their state into magnetically ordered one. For the easy magnetization axis to turn into the film plane the most efficient makes is ion beam implantation of He<^>+ ions.