Vol. 1 : A - I. - 164 p.

Иллюстрированная Энциклопедия фотографии девятнадцатого века, том 1, - справочник для всех интересующихся фотографией. Эта работа - результат исследований ведущих специалистов в данной области. Энциклопедия содержит более тысячи статей и около 200 изображений.

Written for experienced developers, team leaders, and project managers who need a structured way of creating enterprise solutions, this step-by-step guide demonstrates how to deploy your project, analyze it, and model it using VEA.

The World Wide Web, the first global networked information service that is truly friendly, is probably the fastest growing technological phenomenon in the history of the human race (except maybe gambling).

"Handbook of Classical Mythology" offers newcomers and long-time enthusiasts new ways to navigate the world of Greek and Roman myths. Written by a foremost mythologist, the book begins by exploring the sources and landscapes from which the myths emerged. It then provides a richly detailed timeline of mythic episodes from the creation of the cosmos to the end of the Heroic Age--"plus" an illustrated mythological dictionary listing every significant character, place, event, and object. Whether exploring the world that gave rise to ancient mythology or researching a specific piece of the whole, the handbook is the best introduction available to the extraordinary cast of these tales (gods, nymphs, satyrs, monsters, heroes) and the natural and supernatural stages upon which their fates are played out.

The Ancient Greeks - who believed that war is the most important thing humans do--bequeathed to the West an incomparable military legacy that still influences the structure of armies and doctrine. Understand the reasons why their unique approach to fighting was so successful and so relentless, its role at the heart of classical culture, the rise of the city state, agrarian duels, the emergence of Athenian and Spartan power, the development of war as a specialized science, and the collapse of Greek warfare after Alexander the Great.

Almost all process systems are nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear control is traditionally an area of interest in process systems engineering which is of great practical importance. These facts notwithstanding, many process engineers have difficulty with the paradigms and results of modern nonlinear control theory because they lack the mathematical background usually associated with such methods or because of their computational difficulty and small-scale applicability in the general case. Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Process Systems overcomes these barriers. Features: • The necessary mathematical preliminaries for readers from a process engineering background. • Constant reference to the widely-known finite-dimensional linear time-invariant continuous case as a basis for extension to the nonlinear situation. • The most promising theories and analytical methods for nonlinear process control laid out clearly and straightforwardly with exercises to reaffirm the techniques as they are taught. • Emphasis on the importance of process knowledge and first-principles-based models in obtaining feasible and effective solutions in particular circumstances from general cases. • Illustration of applications with simple examples and case studies. Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Process Systems will interest graduate process engineers wishing to study advanced control methods either with a view to further research or application in industry as well as to academics seeking to move process control courses into more complicated but up-to-date territory. It will also be a great assistance to those in their senior undergraduate years who will form the next generation of industrial process engineers and need unfussy access to the most modern nonlinear control ideas.

The aim of this book is to provide readers with the tools to understand the historical evolution of terrorism and counterterrorism over the past 150 years. In order to appreciate the contemporary challenges posed by terrorism it is necessary to look at its evolution, at the different phases it has gone through, and the transformations it has experienced. The same applies to the solutions that states have come up with to combat terrorism: the nature of terrorism changes but still it is possible to learn from past experiences even though they are not directly applicable to the present. This book provides a fresh look at the history of terrorism by providing in-depth analysis of several important terrorist crises and the reactions to them in the West and beyond. The general framework is laid out in four parts: terrorism prior to the Cold War, the Western experience with terrorism, non-Western experiences with terrorism, and contemporary terrorism and anti-terrorism. The issues covered offer a broad range of historical and current themes, many of which have been neglected in existing scholarship; it also features a chapter on the waves phenomenon of terrorism against its international background. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism studies, political violence, international history, security studies and IR.

When I was first approached in February 1996 to ask whether I would be prepared to take on a new, part-time job as the British government's Special Representative for Cyprus, I had some idea of what I was being let in for, but not that it would last for seven years. Although I had never actually set foot on the island, I had, like many other British diplomats, bumped into the Cyprus problem from time to time during the 36 years of my professional career in the Diplomatic Service, which had ended the year before with my retirement from the post of UN ambassador in New York. I had been involved in the negotiations for a trade agreement between the European Community and Cyprus when Britain joined the EC in 1973; I had subsequently participated in the negotiations that developed this agreement into a customs union and, more relevant than either of these two experiences, I had a ringside seat for the last major attempt by the United Nations to negotiate a comprehensive settlement in 1992 and the subsequent, equally abortive, effort to agree a major package of Confidence-Building Measures on the island which had finally run into the sands in 1994. So I could not be said to be unaware of the singular intractability of the problem, nor of the capacity of the main players to spin out any negotiation until the Greek Kalends, nor of their preference for playing the blame game over making any serious effort to get to grips with the core issues in an attempt to reach a settlement. Why did I say yes? Partly, I suspect, out of a reluctance to quit entirely the scene of international diplomacy in which I had spent the whole of my professional life. Partly also, like a mountain climber drawn towards an unclimbed peak, simply because it was there. The Cyprus problem was certainly an unclimbed peak, said by many - particularly by those who had tried to climb it and failed - to be un-climbable; so there was an element of irresistible challenge. And then there were less personal reasons. The commitment given by the European Union in 1995 to open accession negotiations with Cyprus, divided or not, within six months of the end of the Inter- Governmental Conference which was drawing up the Amsterdam Treaty (in 1997), meant that we were sliding towards a parting of the ways which might either consolidate the division of the island or lead to its entering reunited into the European Union. It also had the potential to lead to a serious crisis in the relations between Turkey and the European Union and thus to a threat to the peace and stability of the Eastern Mediterranean. So the case for making a further determined attempt to reach a settlement was a serious one.

Harold Wheeler, in his classic 1947 papers (Wheeler, 1947a, 1947b), created the field of electrically small antennas (ESA), although, as shown in the history (Appendix A), the early antennas were all electrically small. This field has long been important for frequencies below roughly 1 GHz, where a half-wavelength is about 6 in. These electrically small antennas have characteristics in common that limit performance: low radiation resistance, high reactance, low efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and increased loss in the matching network. Most of these limitations are shared by two other classes of antennas: superdirective antennas and superconducting antennas. The original intent was to update Electrically Small, Superdirective, and Superconducting Antennas with a second edition. Sufficient material became available to broaden the scope of that book; the result is this book with a new title. This book provides mathematical foundations for important topics including ENG shells, ESA with m or « cores, including lossy cores, and focused/subwavelength imaging. Chapter 1 contains detailed electromagnetic derivations of Chu and Thal Q formulations, formulas for Q when m or « cores are used, and effects of loss on Q. Finally, work on fundamental limitations using spheroids instead of the radian sphere is covered. Chapter 2 is a treatise on bandwidth and matching, and Foster’s reactance theorem. Precise data are given for Fano’s matching limitations and bandwidth improvement. The effects of loss in matching circuits and cables on VSWR are shown. The relatively new field of non-Foster matching is next discussed. Finally, performance of a short monopole that is matched is compared with that of monopole with high-impedance preamp. Chapter 3 provides updated coverage on canonical antennas: dipoles, loops, self-resonant ESA, PIFA, and dielectric resonator antennas. A comparison is made of Q of various antennas with the Chu–Thal fundamental limitation. In Chapter 4 are presented six ideas that are clever but with performance numbers that are poor. Eighteen nutty antenna ideas are detailed in Chapter 5; the list keeps growing! Chapter 6 on superdirective antennas has been updated with recent data on the use of self-resonant elements. These allow modest supergain but bandwidth and tolerance limitations remain. Also included is new material on maximum directivity of arrays. The last chapter, on superconducting antennas, has been updated with new delay line data. The earlier conclusion that superconductors should be considered for the matching network, but not the antenna, still holds. Aworld history of ESA is presented in Appendix A. Antenna terms important to ESA are defined in Appendix B. Appendix C contains a paper by Karawas and Collin (2008) on NIM shells enclosing an ESA dipole. The analytical errors associated with perfect lenses and subwavelength focusing are treated in detail by Collin (2010) in Appendix D. Each chapter includes extensive references. An overall subject index and an author index are provided at the end of the book. We antenna engineers have done what is possible by rearranging the wires; future significant advances will come through the use of new low-loss magnetic materials and through the use of circuits to compensate for impedance deficiencies.

This is the first comprehensive study based on a detailed textual analysis of the classical works on war by Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, Mao Tse-tung, and to a lesser extent, Jomini and Machiavelli. Brushing stereotypes aside, the author takes a fresh look at what these strategic thinkers actually said—not what they are widely believed to have said. He finds that despite their apparent differences in terms of time, place, cultural background, and level of material/technological development, all had much more in common than previously supposed. In fact, the central conclusion of this book is that the logic of waging war and of strategic thinking is as universal and timeless as human nature itself. This third, revised and expanded edition includes five new chapters and some new charts and diagrams.