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In keeping with NIJ's mission of generating research-based knowledge that can inform policy and benefit practitioners, this Research Report presents a broad-based collection of papers representative of NIJ's portfolio of gang-related research. It emphasizes program evaluation. Evaluations often indicate the efficacy and/or shortcomings of a program; in either case, the information can be applied by those seeking solutions to similar problems. The Report examines gang-related field, survey, and records research in the interest of gender, race/ethnicity, and criminal justice system interventions.

These days we look to Wikipedia for the truth. A neat illustration of this occurred not long before I sent up the manuscript of this book to the publishers. A pparently Gordon Brownhad claimed in a speech that he had much in common with the artist Titian, who did his best work in his dotage and reached the age of 90. A few days later, at 12.34 p.m. on 12 February 2009, someone at Conservative Central Office altered the Wikipedia article on Titian so as to reduce his age at death. This allowed David Cameron to go on the offensive at prime minister’s question time the same day. ‘The prime minister never gets his facts right,’ said Cameron. ‘You told us the other day you were like Titian aged 90. The fact is Titian died at 86.’ Two simple, yet potentially significant, propositions lie behind the themes of this book. The first, which I suppose as a historian I have always had in the back of my mind, is that the new – novel institutions, original ideas – usually turns out to be a lot older than we thought. The second, to which I have more recently come, is that, in cultural matters at least, working with one’s peers can get one further than trying to go it alone. I attempt here to illustrate and combine these two points of view by looking at certain historical group projects, and comparing them with another project that was born in the present century – Wikipedia. What sparked off my interest in these particular ‘communities of practice’ in history and on the Internet was the fact that I have myself for several years been a member of just such a community. In our village there is a flourishing archaeology/local history group whose members share the fruits of their efforts and collaborate in joint publications much as wikipedians do, though admittedly the international dimension is somewhat lacking. Recently we too have set up a ‘wiki’ site, www.greatayton.wikidot.com, to which anyone in the group may make a contribution. From these experiences it has been brought home to me that sharing and participation, while immensely enjoyable in themselves, are also just as efficient and productive a way to operate as is the more usual path of the solitary researcher. I want to thank Simon and Tom O’Sullivan and Janus Olsen for reading drafts of the book and making numerous useful suggestions. I should also like to thank my wife Hazel for her patience and moral support during the writing of it.

"Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American history," wrote historian Oscar Handlin. Immigrants and generations of their descendants have defined the American nation from its beginning and continue to provide America's characteristic diversity, representing practically every race, nationality, religion, and ethnic group around the world. Some immigrants came to the New World in search of economic gain. Others were brought in chains. Still others found refuge in America from religious or ethnic persecution. This single-volume encyclopedia includes more than 300 entries, covering multiple aspects of immigration history and policy: ethnic groups, including census and immigration statistics, major periods of immigration and areas of settlement, predominant religion, and historical background key immigration legislation, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, Immigration Act of 1990, and Refugee Act of 1980 terms and concepts, including green card, quota system, citizen, naturalization, picture brides, and nativism categories of immigrants, including refugees, indentured servants, children, and exiles immigration stations: Angel Island, Castle Garden, and Ellis Island religious groups and churches, such as Amish, Huguenots, Muslims, and Eastern Rite churches further reading lists and cross-references follow each entry An introductory essay provides a cogent overview of the entire scope of the book. More than 150 photographs and illustrations complement the entries. Statistical boxes supplement the articles with key information. A list of immigration, ethnic, and refugee organizations; a guide to further research that includes books, museums, and websites; and a detailed chronology conclude this useful resource for research in American history, ethnic and multicultural studies, and genealogy. Oxford's Student Companions to American History are state-of-the-art references for school and home, specifically designed and written for ages 12 through adult. Each book is a concise but comprehensive A-to-Z guide to a major historical period or theme in U.S. history, with articles on key issues and prominent individuals. The authors--distinguished scholars well-known in their areas of expertise--ensure that the entries are accurate, up-to-date, and accessible. Special features include an introductory section on how to use the book, further reading lists, cross-references, chronology, and full index.

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