Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні французької мови та підготовці до іспитів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на іспитах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5-11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів французької мови.

These reviewers contributed their considerable hands-on expertise to the entire development process for AI Game Development. As this book was being written, these dedicated professionals reviewed all the material for technical content, organization, and flow. Their feedback was critical to ensuring that AI Game Development fits our readers' need for the highest-quality technical information.

Les exercices de grammaire niveau A2 propose : une démarche d'observation et de découverte de la règle associée à un entraînement intensif, plus de 500 exercices avec des contenus conformes au référentiel du niveau A2 du Cadre européen commun de référence. Pour chaque chapitre : des corpus accompagnés d'activités simples pour faire deviner la règle, des illustrations pour faciliter la compréhension, des exercices variés, progressifs et contextualisés, un vocabulaire adapté au niveau des apprenants, un bilan en fin de chapitre. En fin d'ouvrage : un précis grammatical, un index des notions grammaticales, les corrigés.

This standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs expressed in the FORTRAN language. The purpose of this standard is to promote portability of FORTRAN programs for use on a variety of data processing systems.

Книга французького військового інженера Гійома Левассера де Боплана «Опис України» — цінне історичне джерело для вивчення побуту запорозького козацтва і селянства, а також інших станів середньовічного суспільства України. В ній відображені географічне середовище, природа України, її кліматичні умови, наведені дані з історії заселення Середньої Наддніпрянщини, змальована яскрава картина життя українського народу першої половини XVII ст.

In the 225 years since the United States Constitution was first drafted, no single book has addressed the key questions of what constitutions are designed to do, how they are structured, and why they matter. In From Words to Worlds, constitutional scholar Beau Breslin corrects this glaring oversight, singling out the essential functions that a modern, written constitution must incorporate in order to serve as a nation's fundamental law. Breslin lays out and explains the basic functions of a modern constitution -- including creating a new citizenry, structuring the institutions of government, regulating conflict between layers and branches of government, and limiting the power of the sovereign. He also moves into the esoteric, discussing the theoretical concepts behind the fundamentals of written constitutions and examining in-depth some of the most important constitutional charters from around the world. In assaying how states put the structural ideas into practice, Breslin asks probing questions about why -- and if -- constitutions matter. His answer is a resounding yes. Solidly argued and engagingly written, this comparative study in constitutional thought demonstrates clearly the key components that a state's foundational document must address. In doing so, Breslin draws a critically important distinction between constitutional texts and constitutional practice.

Słownik skierowany jest nie tylko dla uczniów, ale też do szerszego grona osób, które są zainteresowane pochodzeniem i historią wyrazów. Celem publikacji jest ukazanie podstawowego zasobu słownictwa współczesnej polszczyzny, w tym również niektórych form potocznych.

Everyone has some idea what lawyers do. And most people have at least heard of criminologists. But who knows what “law and society” is? A lawyer friend of mine, a really smart guy, asks me regularly, “What exactly do you people do?” Once when I was at the annual meeting of the Law and Society Association, my taxi driver was making the usual idle conversation and inquired what I was in town for. I told him I was attending the Law and Society Association’s annual meeting. His interest suddenly aroused, he turned to face me and asked with some urgency, “I’ve been wondering, when is the best time to plant a lawn?”

The scope of US antitrust law as defined in the Supreme Court's decisions in Trinko and Credit Suisse Securities is much narrower than the scope of EU competition law. US antitrust enforcers have become increasingly reluctant to apply antitrust rules to regulated markets, whereas the European Commission has consistently used EU competition rules to correct the externalities resulting from government action. The contrasting approaches adopted by US and EU antitrust enforcers to these issues, as with the differences in addressing market dominance, have had a profound impact on the scope of antitrust intervention in the IP field. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the relevant recent developments on both sides of the Atlantic and identifies the pitfalls of regulating IP through competition rules. With a unique comparative perspective, this book will be an invaluable resource for postgraduate students, academics and practitioners in IP and competition law.

Practice gets a raw deal in the field of applied linguistics. Most laypeople simply assume that practice is a necessary condition for language learning without giving the concept much further thought, but many applied linguists eschew the term practice. For some, the word conjures up images of mind-numbing drills in the sweatshops of foreign language learning, while for others it means fun and games to appease students on Friday afternoons. Practice is by no means a dirty word in other domains of human endeavor, however. Parents dutifully take their kids to soccer practice, and professional athletes dutifully show up for team practice, sometimes even with recent injuries. Parents make their kids practice their piano skills at home, and the world’s most famous performers of classical music often practice for many hours a day, even if it makes their fingers hurt. If even idolized, spoiled, and highly paid celebrities are willing to put up with practice, why not language learners, teachers, or researchers?

Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні німецької мови та підготовці до екзаменів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на екзаменах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5-11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів німецької мови.

Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions—the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread—may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.

The debate is ages old: Where does language come from? Is it an artifact of our culture or written in our very DNA? In recent years, the leading linguists have seemingly settled the issue: all languages are fundamentally the same and the particular language we speak does not shape our thinking in any significant way. Guy Deutscher says they’re wrong. From Homer to Darwin, from Yale to the Amazon, and through a strange and dazzling history of the color blue, Deutscher argues that our mother tongues do indeed shape our experiences of the world. Audacious, delightful, and provocative, Through the Language Glass is destined to become a classic of intellectual discovery.

The study of language learner characteristics, or individual differences (IDs), has a long tradition in second language studies and nobody would question that factors such as language aptitude, motivation, or learning styles are important contributors to success in mastering a foreign language. Accordingly, the existing literature on individual difference variables is extensive. Curiously, however, there are very few book-length summaries of the topic—in fact, there is only one single-authored monograph on language learning IDs, Peter Skehan’s (1989) seminal title on Individual Differences in Second Language Learning. Since the publication of that book a great deal of research has been conducted in the field to explore the language learner, and an updated overview has been due for some time. In response to this need, the last five years have seen the publication of no fewer than four anthologies on learner issues (although not all from an ID perspective), edited by Breen (2001), Cook (2002), Cornwell and Robinson (2000), and Robinson (2002). These volumes are all of high quality, with chapters written by some of the best known experts in the field. So what justifies the writing of the current book? Let me mention three reasons: • An authored book can offer certain useful features that anthologies, by definition, cannot: A unified voice and style, an integrated text, and a more even coverage of the domain without duplications or gaps. • Anthologies are, by definition, selective: They focus on key issues and often ignore smaller but nevertheless important subareas that do not warrant a whole chapter. This is certainly true in our case, as none of the four works mentioned above address, for example, ‘learner beliefs,’ or ‘learning styles,’ let alone lesser known variables such as ‘creativity’. So far such topics have been discussed primarily in journal articles and, to a lesser extent, in thematic monographs targeting only the specific ID variable in question. • In this book I would like to extend the traditional boundaries of individual differences and include some important learner variables—most notably various personality traits—that are not normally discussed in this context in the L2 literature.

Speech does not fossilize but the interpretation of artefacts obtained from archaeological sites can be used to infer the degree of complexity of the communication system necessary to produce these artefacts and sometimes their associated behaviour. The degree of complexity of tool technology is often used as a marker for the level of cognitive ability but it is difficult to extrapolate the need of a sophisticated system of communication from tool technology alone. One reason is that the ability to manufacture complex tools can be learned from observation and imitation without explicit tutoring requiring the use of language. Intentional burials and sea faring are activities that appear to require a greater reliance on linguistic communication for the purpose of enacting rituals and solving problems.

In 1993 the first edition of ELL (Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as “the field’s standard reference work for a generation”. Now the all-new second edition matches ELL’s comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics. The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field. An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles. The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics through the online edition. Ground-breaking and International in scope and approach. Alphabetically arranged with extensive cross-referencing.