Vol. I. - 646 p.

Computers, Chess, and Cognition presents an excellent up-to-date description of developments in computer chess, a rapidly advancing area in artificial intelligence research. This book is intended for an upper undergraduate and above level audience in the computer science (artificial intelligence) community. The chapters have been edited to present a uniform terminology and balanced writing style, to make the material understandable to a wider, less specialized audience. The book's primary strengths are the description of the workings of some major chess programs, an excellent review of tree searching methods, discussion of exciting new research ideas, a philosophical discussion of the relationship of computer game playing to artificial intelligence, and the treatment of computer Go as an important new research area. A complete index and extensive bibliography makes the book a valuable reference work. The book includes a special foreword by Ken Thompson, author of the UNIX operating system.

This book shows you how to use all the library functions mandated by the ANSI and ISO Standards for the programming language C. I have chosen to focus on the library exclusively, since many other books describe the language proper. The book also shows you how to implement the library. I present about 9,000 lines of tested, working code. I believe that seeing a realistic implementation of the Standard С library can help you better understand how to use it. As much as possible, the code for the library is written in Standard C. The primary design goal is to make the code as readable and as exemplary as possible. A secondary goal is to make the code highly portable across diverse computer architectures. Still another goal is to present code that makes sensible tradeoffs between accuracy, performance, and size. Teaching you how to write С is not a goal of this book. I assume you know enough about С to read straightforward code. Where the code presented is not so straightforward, I explain the trickery involved. The Standard С library is fairly ambitious. It provides considerable power in many different environments. It promises well-defined name spaces for both user and implementor. It imposes fairly strict requirements on the robustness and precision of its mathematical functions. And it pioneers in supporting code that adapts to varied cultures, including those with very large character sets. To benefit from these ambitions, a user should be aware of numerous subtleties. To satisfy these ambitions, an implementor must provide for them. These subtleties are not always addressed in the С Standard proper. It is not the primary purpose of a standard to educate implementors. Nor are many of these subtleties well explained in the Rationale that accompanies the ANSI С Standard. A Rationale must serve several masters, only one of whom is the inquisitive implementor. The pioneering features I mentioned above are not found in traditional implementations of C. An implementation can now support multiple locales. Each locale captures numerous conventions peculiar to a country, language, or profession. А С program can alter and query locales to adapt dynamically to a broad range of cultures. An implementation can also now support very large character sets, such as the Kanji characters used in Japan.

This file is provided as a working document of the TC for public review and comment as well as documentation uses described above. It is not intended as a substitute for the official ANS Forth document published by ANSI. In the event of conflict, only the printed document X3.215-1994 represents the official ANS Forth.

В издании приведены именные и не именные реакции получения различных органических соединений. Реакции приведены в алфавитном порядке. Издание снабжено именным указателем, указателем реагентов, а также указателем реакций.

Synthetically useful organic reactions or reagents are often referred to by the name of the discoverer(s) or developer(s). Older name reactions are described in text books, but more recently developed synthetically useful reactions that may have been associated occasionally with a name are not always well known. For neither of the above are experimental procedures or references easy to find. In this monograph approximately 500 name reactions are included, of which over 200 represent newer name reactions and modern reagents. Each of these reactions are extremely useful for the contemporary organic chemistry researcher in industry or academic institutions. This book provides the information in an easily accessible form.

IT IS A great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance I have received from individuals and institutions. The Harry S. Truman Library and the National Endowment for the Humanities provided major grants for travel and release time from teaching. The Humanities Center at the University of Georgia funded me through a quarter off from teaching. The American Council for Learned Societies, the American Philosophical Society, and the History Department and Research Foundation at the University of Georgia all provided funding for travel. Given the magnitude of the research involved in this study, there is simply no way I could have done without the support of the above institutions.

"That the UK's tourism industry is one of the principal planks in our economy is well-known; that it is largely ignored by the government is partly due to its fragmentation, which inhibits its capacity to speak with one voice. Rik Medlik's Dictionary with its Directory ... [of tourism-related organisations in the UK makes it] a sine qua non to anyone engaged in an industry which Rik Medlik's work and vision pioneered in professionalising. Who amongst our thousands is not profoundly indebted to him? Harry Baum, MBE, FTS, FRGS, Chairman, The Convention Partnership Ltd, UK "Anyone who harbours a doubt that Tourism is a dynamic, progressive and growing industry need only note that the 3rd Edition of Rik Medlik's excellent dictionary contains 33% more entries than it predecessor." "From a la carte to Zloty, Medlik defines the vast and vibrant tourism industry with wit and wisdom, in his usual precise and economical style." "Medlik's comprehensive compendium is relevant to those who learn about tourism, those who manage tourism, those who work in tourism, and those who participate in tourism, wherever in the world they may be." David Longworth, Vice President, Oberoi Centre of Learning and Development, India "The 3rd edition adheres to the Medlik standards: thorough; accurate, interesting and just plain good reading." Jerry Vallen, Dean Emeritus, College of Hotel Administration, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada, USA "Success in the hospitality industry comes through attention to detail; nobody does this better than Professor Rik Medlik, with a style that is authoritative, informative and, above all, interesting. Professor Medlik's prolific contribution to the world's body of knowledge about tourism and hospitality is unparalleled and this latest work roundly illustrates the point." Peter Venison, Managing Director, Sun International Hotels Ltd, UK "This unique dictionary, compiled by a guru of the industry, is an extremely valuable reference book for everyone involved in travel and tourism. It is a mine of information, yet is easy and fun to read." Nancy Cockerell, Editorial Director, The Travel Business Partnership, UK Rik Medlik has been a pillar of support and a mentor to an entire generation of both academics and practitioners in tourism. This latest version of his Dictionary of Travel, Tourism & Hospitality continues that tradition. We are most fortunate to receive the continued benefits of his efforts to provide us with an understanding of the fundamental meaning of all that underlies the phenomenon of tourism. Thanks so much Rik." J.R. Brent Ritchie, Chair, World Tourism Education & Research Centre (WTERC) University of Calgary And Chair, WTO Tourism Education Council "Dictionary of Travel, Tourism & Hospitality, in fact, is not a mere dictionary to the scholarly explain the meanings of key travel-related terms. Rather, I more prefer taking it as an encyclopedia of tourism with clear-cut definitions and necessary background, or as a handbook with handy information one often is desperate to look for. No dictionary alike is...[, so far,] as useful, updated and comprehensive as this one, for academics, administrators and other professionals who would like to be knowledgeable about travel, tourism and hospitality." Professor Zhang Guangrui, Director of Tourism Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences "In this new edition of his well established Dictionary, Professor Medlik expands and updates the coverage of travel, tourism and hospitality terms, describes key national and international organisations and adds a new biographical section on historical industry figures. A vital reference work for all those working in, teaching or studying tourism." Colin Clark, Director, Horwath Consultancy, former director British Tourist Authority and English Tourist Board

The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was one of the greatest fighting formations in history: a combination of an outstanding commander and an excellent fighting force. This book offers an in-depth study of why this formation was so successful against Northern armies, which often had a greater wealth of resources and manpower and some very able leaders. Almost always outnumbered, Lee's forces were able to record a number of notable victories by giving free rein to subordinates and utilizing the fighting qualities of the army's units to the full. But more than anything else, The Army of Northern Virginia looks closely at the human dimension of Lee's army: the quality and individuality of its generals and their ability to interpret their superior's orders; the fighting spirit of the average "Johnny Reb"; and, above all, the leadership of Robert E. Lee himself, who became one of the 19th century's greatest generals. Also includes color and black and white maps.

Bug hunting is an art, and you need to be a master. Get Find the Bug, and you'll become one. Long-time Microsoft programmer Adam Barr presents 50 programs, each with exactly one bug. Your assignment: find it. As you do, Barr will teach you how to "think like your processor"... anticipating exactly how code will behave, even without running it. You'll learn better ways to read code, understand it -- and above all, improve it. Whether you're building new systems or maintaining someone else's, you'll find bugs earlier, faster, with less frustration... and write cleaner code to begin with.

Have you ever asked for an autograph? Been a music fan? Liked watching well-known personalities on TV? Had a favorite movie star? Enjoyed reading about the rich and famous? If your answer is ‘yes’ to any or all of the above, then it’s pretty likely you’ve bought a product endorsed by a celebrity. This fascinating book reveals how ‘celebrity sells’ and is a great read for anyone interested in advertising media, communication and brands. There are lots of ‘how to’ advice, examples good and bad, new insights, ballpark costs and hard evidence of success, plus interviews with top creative talents such as David Abbott, John Hegarty, Peter Souter and John Webster.

Ruby is "an interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented programming" -- what does this mean? interpreted scripting language: ability to make operating system calls directly powerful string operations and regular expressions immediate feedback during development quick and easy: variable declarations are unnecessary variables are not typed syntax is simple and consistent memory management is automatic object oriented programming: everything is an object classes, methods, inheritance, etc. singleton methods "mixin" functionality by module iterators and closures also: multiple precision integers convenient exception processing dynamic loading threading support If you are unfamiliar with some of the concepts above, read on, and don't worry. The mantra of the ruby language is quick and easy.

The study of language learner characteristics, or individual differences (IDs), has a long tradition in second language studies and nobody would question that factors such as language aptitude, motivation, or learning styles are important contributors to success in mastering a foreign language. Accordingly, the existing literature on individual difference variables is extensive. Curiously, however, there are very few book-length summaries of the topic—in fact, there is only one single-authored monograph on language learning IDs, Peter Skehan’s (1989) seminal title on Individual Differences in Second Language Learning. Since the publication of that book a great deal of research has been conducted in the field to explore the language learner, and an updated overview has been due for some time. In response to this need, the last five years have seen the publication of no fewer than four anthologies on learner issues (although not all from an ID perspective), edited by Breen (2001), Cook (2002), Cornwell and Robinson (2000), and Robinson (2002). These volumes are all of high quality, with chapters written by some of the best known experts in the field. So what justifies the writing of the current book? Let me mention three reasons: • An authored book can offer certain useful features that anthologies, by definition, cannot: A unified voice and style, an integrated text, and a more even coverage of the domain without duplications or gaps. • Anthologies are, by definition, selective: They focus on key issues and often ignore smaller but nevertheless important subareas that do not warrant a whole chapter. This is certainly true in our case, as none of the four works mentioned above address, for example, ‘learner beliefs,’ or ‘learning styles,’ let alone lesser known variables such as ‘creativity’. So far such topics have been discussed primarily in journal articles and, to a lesser extent, in thematic monographs targeting only the specific ID variable in question. • In this book I would like to extend the traditional boundaries of individual differences and include some important learner variables—most notably various personality traits—that are not normally discussed in this context in the L2 literature.

In an industry that involves the skills, expertise, and labor of a wide-range of professionals and workers, good communications become crucial, and a common vocabulary is key to successful projects. Many of the terms used in landscape architecture, land planning, environmental planning, and landscape construction are unavailable, or so new, or industry-specific that they can’t be found in conventional dictionaries. This unique resource delivers definitions as well as how-to information via details and photos, going above and beyond the scope of a typical professional dictionary. With straightforward definitions and clear illustrations on each page, everyone from architects, designers, and contractors through grounds maintenance workers will benefit from this important resource. In addition, an appendix with labeled construction details will illustrate not just what a term means, but also how it’s applied in the profession.

Now installed on more than 20 million Internet domains around the world, PHP is an undisputed leader in web programming languages. Database connectivity, powerful extensions, and rich object-orientation are all reasons for its popularity, but nearly everyone would agree that, above all, PHP is one of the easiest languages to learn and use for developing dynamic web applications. The ease of development and simplicity of PHP, combined with a large community and expansive repository of open source PHP libraries, make it a favorite of web designers and developers worldwide. PHP in a Nutshell is a complete reference to the core of the language as well as the most popular PHP extensions. This book doesn't try to compete with or replace the widely available online documentation. Instead, it is designed to provide depth and breadth that can't be found elsewhere. PHP in a Nutshell provides the maximum information density on PHP, without all the fluff and extras that get in the way. The topic grouping, tips, and examples in this book complement the online guide and make this an essential reference for every PHP programmer. This book focuses on the functions commonly used by a majority of developers, so you can look up the information you need quickly