The history of a language can be understood as the combination of its internal history and external history. The internal history of a language includes all events of a linguistic nature, such as phonological, grammatical, and lexical changes. Among the questions it addresses are these:What changes have occurred in the language’s inventory of sounds over time?What grammatical structures have been lost, and what other structures have arisen to replace them?What have been the most important sources of new words? To what extent have other words become obsolete? External history is the history of the people or peopleswho speak the language, though naturally a language history focuses principally on the events that have had linguistic repercussions. Thus, external history addresses questions such as the following:What peoples spoke the language originally?What other peoples adopted the languag and under what circumstances?What invasions, migrations, and other events have contributed to the current geographic and demographic distribution of the language? What cultural developments have affected the evolution of the language? Ideally, we would like to find one-to-one correspondences between these two perspectives—the internal and the external—but in practice this is rarely possible. Even if it is unquestionable that cultural events such as the Renaissance and the technological revolution of the twentieth century have fostered the acceptance of largen umbers of neologisms—in the first case primarily from Italian and in the second from English—in general it is difficult to find concrete correspondences, for example, between the pace of phonological change and periods of peace or war, or between specific grammatical changes and migrations of populations.

Практический курс английского языка, созданный автором на основе 10-летнего опыта преподавания на родине и за рубежом, дает возможность всем начинающим и продолжающим изучение овладеть системой языка и навыками вербальной коммуникации в течение 9-12 месяцев. Учебник содержит - полный теоретический курс грамматики, - 1000 лексико-грамматических упражнений, - а также тексты литературного и политико-экономического характера. Курс предназначен для изучающих английский язык в лицеях, вузах, на курсах, а также может быть использован для самостоятельного изучения.

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A total departure from previous writing about television, this book is the first ever to advocate that the medium is not reformable. Its problems are inherent in the technology itself and are so dangerous -- to personal health and sanity, to the environment, and to democratic processes -- that TV ought to be eliminated forever. Weaving personal experiences through meticulous research, the author ranges widely over aspects of television that have rarely been examined and never before joined together, allowing an entirely new, frightening image to emerge. The idea that all technologies are "neutral," benign instruments that can be used well or badly, is thrown open to profound doubt. Speaking of TV reform is, in the words of the author, "as absurd as speaking of the reform of a technology such as guns."

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Книга, созданная специалистом в сфере электронного PR, дает обзор и оценку новой среды общения - Интернета, выявляет его возможности и механику использования. Автор раскрывает методику, с помощью которой любая организация может утвердиться в Интернете и заинтересовать то или иное сообщество, рассматривает способы создания и разрушения репутации, работы с ценными бумагами, эффективного управления, решения правовых вопросов. Эти знания позволят специалистам организовать работу по связям с общественностью более эффективно и профессионально, с учетом сегодняшних реалий и с перспективой на будущее.

This book provides an insight into the rich diversity of techniques, tools and knowledge used in performance engineering, covering the whole life cycle — from design through to operation — of both networks and systems

The monograph is devoted to the vital questions of a domestic mass communication theory. The monograph is written for the scientists and students studying ‘social communications’.

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Urban regeneration is currently at the forefront of the political and professional agenda worldwide. There is a growing desire to identify and deliver solutions that not only define models of sustainable and identifiable urban form, but also underpin a real sense of a vibrant community. The design philosophy of Urban Villages has gained significant weight with government policy-makers, planners, designers and developers and is becoming a popular model in achieving a successful and flexible urban renaissance. This book documents both the roots of the Urban Village movement and its application in contemporary society. A series of essays by eminent practitioners offers particular urban perspectives. A detailed compendium of successful case-studies provides clear technical information. Urban Villages and the Making of Communities offers a professional resource, a teaching tool and learning aid.

Several scholars have stressed the limits of language in the course of researching violence or when writing about it (Appadurai 1996, Das 2007). Our language seems insufficient to describe the horrors of violence (Binford 2004). Often, words seem to be frozen, and experiences of violence thus appear as if they could only be voiced from a distant position (Das and Kleinman 2001). How can we grasp the meaning of violence? How can anthropologists document the far-reaching and long term effects of violent actions? Focusing solely on narratives of violence and the context in which they emerge, is not sufficient to understand the meaning and the effects of violence. Particularly in realms of human experience, it is obvious that verbal language represents merely one among several ways of expression like gestures, rituals or certain kinds of public manifestations. An exploration of the vast range of different modes of expression thus promises to be the more adequate way to approach, register and understand the comprehensive manifestations and long-lasting effects of violence. This is the basic consideration why we chose ‘expressions’ of violence as the title for this volume, and asked the contributors to document and to analyze the diverging forms in which violence is addressed or conveyed. All the chapters of this volume thus deal with a paradox, as they attempt to turn into text violent experiences that, as we just presumed, cannot be expressed through verbal everyday language. The chapters discuss violence that is communicated through silences, rumours, literary narrations, represented in muted bodies, in rituals or role models. In order to grasp the meaning of violence as such, the contributors applied different perspectives, methods and analytical approaches. To comprehend the unspoken and the silence, most of the researchers have chosen a haptic approach. We borrow this term from Nordstrom (2010), who has defined her approach as ‘research through the senses’. Nordstrom has described the complexity of violence, its blurriness and its routinization or almost naturalization. In a similar approach, Verrips (2007) criticized researchers’ self-imposed restriction on visual manifestation in general, and claimed that a more balanced attention should be paid to our entire bodily sensorial experience. ‘We would then focus on [the] difficulty to grasp phenomena as deeply felt emotions and desires […] as well as the irrational and the fantastic, the absurd and the surreal.’ Our heavy emphasis on the role of the mind, reason and rationality, should give way to an increased interest in the sensual and emotional dimensions that are inherent in ‘our somatic experience of reality’ (Verrips 2007: 31).

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