Since the original article was written, there have been many changes and improvements to the J language. While the mathematically oriented users no doubt drove these, many of the changes have not only simplified the code, but also provided considerable speed up to the operations typical of commercial processing. As a result I have updated the original article with discussion of these changes. J, like its precursor APL, is used in business for financial and mathematical modeling, analysis of large databases, engineering, actuarial work, forecasting, operational research studies, and other applications where a knowledgeable person is mostly employing it in their own work or as a teaching and communications tool. Quite often those employing it are very reticent about how they use it, or just exactly what the application consists of. They view it as conferring a definite edge, a competitive advantage in their business that they would prefers others not be aware of. When competing for fixed price applications development contracts, others are equally disinclined to broadcast the fact that they employ such languages to gain a speed and cost advantage. All this makes it rather difficult for an IT or business manager to evaluate whether J is applicable to their own business. The J language is a powerful interpretive language with a concise syntax. Its very power and conciseness makes it difficult for a novice to master, but also makes it of interest to a manager because little code and effort is required to achieve results. This article discuses the features of J, which make it applicable to typical commercial processing, tasks. It provides simple code examples to illustrate for a manager how little code may be required to implement powerful data manipulation capabilities. Hopefully the article will be of value to those evaluating high-level languages suitable for commercial processing in a distributed, client/server or mainframe environment.

Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits.

Practice gets a raw deal in the field of applied linguistics. Most laypeople simply assume that practice is a necessary condition for language learning without giving the concept much further thought, but many applied linguists eschew the term practice. For some, the word conjures up images of mind-numbing drills in the sweatshops of foreign language learning, while for others it means fun and games to appease students on Friday afternoons. Practice is by no means a dirty word in other domains of human endeavor, however. Parents dutifully take their kids to soccer practice, and professional athletes dutifully show up for team practice, sometimes even with recent injuries. Parents make their kids practice their piano skills at home, and the world’s most famous performers of classical music often practice for many hours a day, even if it makes their fingers hurt. If even idolized, spoiled, and highly paid celebrities are willing to put up with practice, why not language learners, teachers, or researchers?

The understanding of design in general and the structure of scientific research in design inevitably leads to discussions of the central categories for design. Constructive debate and struggles for acceptance fuel such a process—a process that, as a sign of fruitful further refinement, can never be completely finished. It is well known that such a development, especially in design, cannot be addressed without obstacles and indeed dissent. Even within a single cultural or linguistic realm, the positions are supposedly irreconcilable. Any undertaking that attempts to create understanding across cultural and linguistic borders is that much more ambitious.

Policymakers are engaged in a continuing, thorough reexamination of how national and state governments regulate areas ranging from telecommunications to the environment. So extensive is the questioning of the familiar, and so daring some of the proposed and actual changes, that the movement deserves the term revolution. In this volume Robert W. Hahn shows how a deeper understanding of the economic and social impacts of regulation is fueling the regulatory revolution. People are becoming more aware that regulations impose costs on individuals, even if those costs are hidden from view, as is the case with most regulation. Changes in the economic benefits and costs of regulation that technology has induced are also driving the revolution. Those technological innovations increase the cost of maintaining the existing regulatory structure and thus create pressure for change. Hahn demonstrates how improvements in monitoring outputs and behavior are propelling the revolution. We need, Hahn asserts, to examine the revolution in regulation not only in terms of its impact on national economies, but also in terms of its potential international effects. For example, stringent regulation of the environment in one country may induce firms to relocate to other countries. In addition, product specifications introduced under the guise of protecting consumers may give domestic producers a competitive advantage. Thus, regulation can dramatically influence the pattern of international trade and investment. The international ramifications of domestic regulation are likely to increase in importance as markets become more global. Hahn points out that just as nations have attempted to coordinate their activities to reduce direct trade barriers such as tariffs, they may also need to coordinate some regulatory activities that distort patterns of trade and investment.

This book explores the thesis that legal roles force people to engage in moral combat, an idea that is implicit in the assumption that citizens may be morally required to disobey unjust laws, while judges may be morally required to punish citizens for civil disobedience. Heidi Hurd advances the surprising argument that the law cannot require us to do what morality forbids. Moral Combat is a sophisticated, well-conceived and carefully argued book on a very important and controversial topic at the junction between legal and political philosophy. It will be of interest to moral, legal, and political philosophers, as well as teachers and students of professional ethics in law.

The empire of the Incas was the greatest native state ever to appear in the Americas. Overcoming the seemingly impossible obstacles of their environment and limitations of technology, the Incas created one of the world’s most unusual civilizations. Their achievements have fascinated the world for close to five centuries, since the culture’s discovery by the Spanish. I first encountered the realm of the Incas in 1964 on a visit to Peru and have been studying and learning about them ever since. I am one of the very few foreign archaeologists who have been privileged to work on the Inca legacy in Cuzco, and my studies have primarily focused on discovering who the Incas were and where they came from. I have spent my career examining this question in terms of their intellectual and cultural inheritance as well as their physical and geographic origins. In this volume I have tried to present a fairly concise overview of the Incas that will be readily accessible to the average reader. There are few introductory textbooks on the Incas, and I hope that this effort will serve to fill that gap. I have drawn on many of the traditional ethnohistorical sources and tried to integrate archaeological knowledge wherever possible to provide a readily accessible synthesis. While this volume is not and should not be taken as the last word on the Incas, I hope that it will provide an introduction to the topic and guidance on where to look for detailed and comprehensive studies on individual aspects of Inca society and history.

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Trauma in general is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and causes more loss of productive years than ischemic heart disease and malignancy together. Cardiothoracic trauma occurs in 60% of multitrauma patients and is 2-3 times more common than intra-abdominal visceral injuries. It constitutes 25% of traumatic deaths and contributes significantly to at least another 25% of these fatalities. Though only about 15% of chest trauma requires operative intervention, a considerable number of preventable deaths occur due to inadequate or delayed treatment of otherwise an easily remediable injury. The aim of this study was to describe rare but serious and sometimes fatal entities in patients with cardiothoracic trauma sustained in two Scandinavian countries, and to determine the outcome.

In 1973, Carl Sagan published The Cosmic Connection, a daring view of the universe, which rapidly became a classic work of popular science and inspired a generation of scientists and enthusiasts. This seminal work is reproduced here for a whole new generation to enjoy. In Sagan's typically lucid and lyrical style, he discusses many topics from astrophysics and solar system science, to colonization, terraforming and the search for extraterrestrials. Sagan conveys his own excitement and wonder, and relates the revelations of astronomy to the most profound human problems and concerns: issues that are just as valid today as they were thirty years ago. New to this edition are Freeman Dyson's comments on Sagan's vision and the importance of the work, Ann Druyan's assessment of Sagan's cultural significance as a champion of science, and David Morrison's discussion of the advances made since 1973 and what became of Sagan's predictions. Who knows what wonders this third millennium will reveal, but one thing is certain: Carl Sagan played a unique role in preparing us for them.

Вып. 1 : Язык и познание: Методологические проблемы и перспективы. - 364 с.

В сборник вошли полемические статьи российских и зарубежных ученых, посвященные вопросам методологии современных лингвистических исследований. Эта методология характеризуется отходом от основанной на картезианском дуализме традиционной философии познания и связанного с ней ортодоксального направления в традиционной лингвистике. В статьях затрагиваются важнейшие теоретические вопросы, имеющие принципиальное значение для исследований естественного языка на ближайшую и отдаленную перспективу.