У книзі Лариси Масенко - одного за найавторитетніших соціолінгвістів України - читач знайде відповіді на багато цікавих і гострих запитань. Чи може існувати і розвиватися в Україні багато мов і чи можуть бути державними дві мови? Що відбувається сьогодні з українською мовою і який досвід у вирішенні мовних проблем мають інші європейські країни? Що загрожує українській мові і що - російській? Яких помилок припустилися і припускаються українські політики та громадські діячі у мовному питанні? Про все це та багато іншого Ви дізнаєтеся на сторінках цієї книги, призначеної не лише для шкільної та студентської аудиторії, а й для журналістів, учителів та всіх допитливих і небайдужих.

Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні французької мови та підготовці до іспитів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на іспитах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5-11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів французької мови.

This standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs expressed in the FORTRAN language. The purpose of this standard is to promote portability of FORTRAN programs for use on a variety of data processing systems.

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Many think of Muslims in Europe as a twentieth century phenomenon, but this book brings to life a lost community of Arabs who lived through war, revolution, and empire in early nineteenth century France. Ian Coller uncovers the surprising story of the several hundred men, women, and children—Egyptians, Syrians, Greeks, and others—who followed the French army back home after Napoleon’s occupation of Egypt. Based on research in neglected archives, on the rediscovery of forgotten Franco-Arab authors, and on a diverse collection of visual materials, the book builds a rich picture of the first Arab France—its birth, rise, and sudden decline in the age of colonial expansion. As he excavates a community that was nearly erased from the historical record, Coller offers a new account of France itself in this pivotal period, one that transcends the binary framework through which we too often view history by revealing the deep roots of exchange between Europe and the Muslim world, and showing how Arab France was in fact integral to the dawn of modernity.

Speech does not fossilize but the interpretation of artefacts obtained from archaeological sites can be used to infer the degree of complexity of the communication system necessary to produce these artefacts and sometimes their associated behaviour. The degree of complexity of tool technology is often used as a marker for the level of cognitive ability but it is difficult to extrapolate the need of a sophisticated system of communication from tool technology alone. One reason is that the ability to manufacture complex tools can be learned from observation and imitation without explicit tutoring requiring the use of language. Intentional burials and sea faring are activities that appear to require a greater reliance on linguistic communication for the purpose of enacting rituals and solving problems.

Master Hindi script with this straightforward guide from Teach Yourself - the No. 1 brand in language learning. Read and write Hindi script is a clear step-by-step guide to the written language, with plenty of examples from real-life texts to show how it works in context and lots of exercises to reinforce your learning. This new edition has an easy-to-read page design. Now fully updated to make your language learning experience fun and interactive. You can still rely on the benefits of a top language teacher and our years of teaching experience, but now with added learning features within the course and online. Learn effortlessly with new, easy-to-read page design and interactive features: NOT GOT MUCH TIME? One, five and ten-minute introductions to key principles to get you started. AUTHOR INSIGHTS Lots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author's many years of experience. USEFUL VOCABULARY Easy to find and learn, to build a solid foundation for speaking. TEST YOURSELF Tests in the book and online to keep track of your progress. EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE Extra online articles at: www.teachyourself.com to give you a richer understanding of the culture and history of Hindi speakers. TRY THIS Innovative exercises illustrate what you've learnt and how to use it.

This is a simple introduction to Old English for students with little or no linguistic knowledge. Unlike other textbooks on the subject, Beginning Old English focuses on the explanation and illustration of how the language works, using accessible illustrations from simplified Old English texts and demonstrating how many feature of present-day English have their roots in this stage of the language. It also includes long extracts from popular Old English works for use in the classroom.

The history of a language can be understood as the combination of its internal history and external history. The internal history of a language includes all events of a linguistic nature, such as phonological, grammatical, and lexical changes. Among the questions it addresses are these:What changes have occurred in the language’s inventory of sounds over time?What grammatical structures have been lost, and what other structures have arisen to replace them?What have been the most important sources of new words? To what extent have other words become obsolete? External history is the history of the people or peopleswho speak the language, though naturally a language history focuses principally on the events that have had linguistic repercussions. Thus, external history addresses questions such as the following:What peoples spoke the language originally?What other peoples adopted the languag and under what circumstances?What invasions, migrations, and other events have contributed to the current geographic and demographic distribution of the language? What cultural developments have affected the evolution of the language? Ideally, we would like to find one-to-one correspondences between these two perspectives—the internal and the external—but in practice this is rarely possible. Even if it is unquestionable that cultural events such as the Renaissance and the technological revolution of the twentieth century have fostered the acceptance of largen umbers of neologisms—in the first case primarily from Italian and in the second from English—in general it is difficult to find concrete correspondences, for example, between the pace of phonological change and periods of peace or war, or between specific grammatical changes and migrations of populations.

Building Intelligent .NET Applications is an introduction to the world of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for .NET programmers. It is the first book to show professional .NET developers how to incorporate AI into their daily programming. In this accessible guide, developers will learn how to enhance both new and existing .NET applications with intelligent agents, data mining, rule-based systems, and speech processing.

Книга предназначена для изучения возможностей объектно-ориентированного стиля программирования на языке С++. Приведены сведения о синтаксисе и семантике объектно-ориентированных конструкций С++, стандартной библиотеке шаблонов STL. Книга содержит необходимые теоретические сведения, упражнения и задачи для самостоятельной работы, справочную информацию по наиболее популярным средам программирования: С++ Builder 6 и Visual C++.NET 2003. Для преподавателей и студентов, начинающих программистов. Допущено Министерством образования и науки Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Информатика и вычислительная техника».

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Cooperating for Peace and Security is a comprehensive survey of multilateral security cooperation since 1989. With essays by leading experts on topics from peacekeeping to nuclear security, it goes beyond theoretical discussions of the value of cooperation to show how the operational activities of international organizations meet the security needs of states. In particular, it explores the complex relationship between multilateralism and American security concerns. Covering the UN, NATO, and regional organizations, the authors show that U.S. interests have often shaped institutions. But, more strikingly, other states have also driven institutional change without U.S. support or even in the face of American opposition. This raises important questions about how the balance of power shapes international institutions. In a period of shifting power dynamics, the empirical evidence on security cooperation gathered in this volume is a unique resource for scholars and policy-makers concerned with the future of international institutions.